Which disease is primarily associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles?

Alzheimer disease is primarily associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are considered one of the hallmark pathological features of this condition. These tangles consist of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, which accumulate inside neurons and disrupt their function. This accumulation is believed to contribute to the neurodegenerative processes that lead to cognitive decline, memory loss, and other dementia-related symptoms characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.

In contrast, multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that does not typically involve neuronal degeneration or the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, leading to hyperthyroidism, and does not involve the central nervous system in a manner that relates to neurofibrillary tangles. While dementia refers to a decline in cognitive function and can be due to various causes, the specific association with neurofibrillary tangles is most notably prevalent in Alzheimer disease. Therefore, recognizing the distinct connection between neurofibrillary tangles and Alzheimer disease is crucial for understanding the pathology of this neurodegenerative disorder.