Which disease involves autoantibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland?

The disease that involves autoantibodies stimulating TSH receptors on the thyroid gland is indeed Graves disease, also known as toxic goiter. In Graves disease, the body's immune system produces autoantibodies known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to and activate the TSH receptors on thyroid follicular cells. This overstimulation leads to an increase in the production and release of thyroid hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism.

The characteristic feature of Graves disease is this autoimmune mechanism, which differs from other thyroid conditions. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is primarily associated with the destruction of thyroid tissue by autoantibodies and does not involve TSH receptor activation. In contrast, primary hyperthyroidism could refer to various causes of elevated thyroid hormone levels, but the specific mechanism involving autoantibodies stimulating the thyroid gland is particularly tied to Graves disease.

Thus, the unique action of TSI in activating TSH receptors is what makes Graves disease the correct response to the question.