What is the primary characteristic of multiple myeloma?

The primary characteristic of multiple myeloma is the elevated levels of homogeneous immunoglobulins. Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that arises from plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. In this condition, there is an abnormal proliferation of these plasma cells, leading to the production of monoclonal immunoglobulins, also known as M-proteins or paraproteins. These elevated levels can be detected in the blood or urine and serve as a key diagnostic marker for the disease.

The presence of these homogeneous immunoglobulins can also lead to various complications, such as bone lesions and kidney issues, as the excess proteins can cause damage to renal structures. This singular focus on abnormal immunoglobulin production distinctly characterizes multiple myeloma in contrast to other options, which are not relevant to this hematologic malignancy. Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are primarily associated with neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimer's disease, while significant memory loss is a symptom of cognitive disorders rather than a defining feature of multiple myeloma.