What disorder is characterized by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH?

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by the kidneys' inability to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. In healthy individuals, ADH facilitates the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, helping to concentrate urine and reduce water loss. When the kidneys cannot respond to ADH due to receptor issues or problems with aquaporin channels in the renal collecting duct, a person experiences excessive thirst and urination, leading to a condition known as polyuria.

This disorder can be caused by genetic factors, certain medications, or underlying renal disease. The disruption in response to ADH is what distinctly sets nephrogenic diabetes insipidus apart from other disorders, making it the correct answer.

In contrast, diabetes mellitus primarily involves abnormalities in glucose metabolism and is unrelated to ADH activity. Chronic kidney disease encompasses a range of conditions leading to progressive loss of kidney function but does not specifically denote an issue with ADH response. Nephrotic syndrome involves increased protein loss through urine due to damage to the kidney's filtering system, which does not specifically affect the action of ADH in this manner.