A disorder characterized by alterations in membrane potential leading to neuron hyperactivity is known as what?

The disorder characterized by alterations in membrane potential leading to neuron hyperactivity is identified as seizures. Seizures occur when there is an abnormal and excessive electrical discharge from neurons in the brain, typically resulting from changes in ion channels or neurotransmitter levels that disrupt the normal pattern of neuronal activity. This hyperactivity can manifest as convulsions, altered consciousness, and various neurological symptoms.

In contrast, multiple myeloma, jaundice, and osteoporosis do not involve abnormal neuronal activity or alterations in membrane potentials. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, jaundice is related to liver function and bilirubin metabolism, and osteoporosis involves bone density loss and structural weakness, none of which pertain to neuronal hyperactivity or seizures.